| Era | Key Characteristics | Examples | |------|----------------------|-----------| | Pre-independence | Traditional theater, gamelan, folk stories | Wayang kulit (shadow puppets), Lenong, Ludruk | | 1950s–1960s (Sukarno) | Nationalist films, revolutionary songs | Tiga Dara (film), patriotic keroncong music | | 1970s–1990s (Suharto/Orde Baru) | State censorship, melodramas, dangdut rise | Rhoma Irama (dangdut), Warkop DKI (comedy) | | Post-1998 (Reformasi) | Creative freedom, indie scenes, global formats | Ada Apa dengan Cinta? (film), indie bands like Efek Rumah Kaca |